Menopause: Common Symptoms and Treatments

During the transition across perimenopause toward post-menopause, hormone levels are changing and the ovaries no longer release eggs. According to the British Menopause Society, 95% of women will experience this between the ages of 45 and 55, with the average age being 51. In many people, menopause can be accompanied by a range of symptoms that can impact their physical and emotional well-being. In recent years, there have been many changes made to help alleviate symptoms to help make this part of your fertility lifecycle easier and with less discomfort.

Changes in Menstruation

The first and most common symptom is a change in menstruation. Someone who has had a very consistent menstrual cycle for years, can begin to experience longer or shorter periods; they might experience heavier or lighter bleeding, as well as months without a period. When these changes begin to occur, it is usually a sign of perimenopause. Most people will experience perimenopause symptoms in their 40s and 50s and menopause is defined as 12 consecutive months without a menstrual period. While these changes are completely expected, you should always mention them to your doctor.

Hot Flushes

The second most common symptom during this time affects the body’s temperature control system. The results in hot flushes (sometimes called flashes), night sweats and even chills. These sudden waves of feeling intense heat can cause sweating, and a rapid heartbeat, often followed by a cold chill. Hot flashes can be disruptive, especially when they occur during sleep, leading to night sweats and disturbed sleep patterns. The British Menopause Society recommends several adjustments to lifestyle to help mitigate these symptoms. These include limiting caffeine, alcohol, and spicy foods and not smoking. In addition they also recommend dressing layers with natural fabrics that can taken off as needed

Sexual Health

Other menopause symptoms are associated with bladder and vagina. Many people experience vaginal dryness and a higher frequency of urination. As oestrogen levels decline, the vaginal tissues become thinner, drier, and less elastic. This can lead to discomfort, itching, and pain during intercourse, affecting sexual well-being. To help relieve vaginal dryness, doctors often prescribe vaginal oestrogen therapy. This treatment involves using creams, tablets, or rings that release oestrogen directly into the vagina, helping to restore moisture and elasticity. Regular use of vaginal oestrogen can significantly improve vaginal health and alleviate related symptoms.

Mental Wellbeing

Mood swings, irritability, and depression are also common during menopause. Hormonal fluctuations can affect the chemicals in the brain that determine mood, the feeling of being happy, and mood regulation which can lead to emotional instability. In some cases your doctor may recommend antidepressant medications or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are often prescribed. These medications can help stabilise mood and alleviate symptoms of anxiety and depression. Additionally, lifestyle changes such as regular exercise, stress reduction techniques, and support from friends and family can also contribute to improved emotional well-being during menopause.

Sleep

Sleep disturbances are another common symptom associated with menopause. In addition to hot flashes and night sweats, hormonal changes can increase anxiety which can all contribute to insomnia and disrupted sleep patterns. In a study conducted with the NHS, 75 to 85% of people will suffer from reduced sleep quality during menopause. To improve sleep quality, doctors often recommend behavioural changes such as maintaining a regular sleep schedule, creating a relaxing bedtime routine, and ensuring a comfortable sleep environment. In some cases, medication may be prescribed to address severe insomnia or sleep disturbances.

Physical Health

Menopause can also bring about changes in bone density, leading to an increased risk of osteoporosis. To maintain bone health, healthcare professionals often advise people to increase their calcium and vitamin D intake through diet and supplements. Regular exercise, such as walking or weightlifting, are also recommended to strengthen bones and reduce the risk of fracture. It is important to let your doctor know about all menopause symptoms for them to determine if a medication is needed to help slow bone loss.

Brain Fog

With hormonal changes occurring and potential physical symptoms,  in addition to anxiety and depression there is a commonly reported symptom referred to as ‘brain fog’. Many women report feeling like they have memory loss or experience sudden brain fog. This is not permanent and should be discussed with your doctor to see if there needs to be a course of action to help alleviate the mental symptoms of menopause.

Other Symptoms

There are over 30 symptoms that are associated with hormonal changes during perimenopause and menopause and everyone will experience things differently. It is important to be aware of all the potential symptoms so they can be discussed with your healthcare provider. Awareness around these symptoms takes any stigma around menopause because this is something that all people with a uterus and ovaries will experience. There are a wide range of treatments that can help and a discussion with your healthcare provider will help find the right ones.

The NHS reports the 20 most common menopausal symptoms as:

1. Hot flashes (flushes)
2. Night sweats
3. Period changes
4. Mood swings
5. Sleep disturbances
6. Fatigue
7. Vaginal dryness/itching/burning
8. Low libido (desire to have sex)
9. Hair changes
10. Memory issues/brain fog
11. Depression
12. Headaches and migraines
13. Anxiety
14. Sexual arousal issues
15. Body aches (muscle/joint pain)
16. Incontinence/leakage
17. Painful intercourse
18. Skin issues
19. Heart palpitations
20. Urinary tract infections